Perception Of Social Exclusion Research Articles

Divergent emotional and autonomic responses to Cyberball in patients with opioid use disorder on opioid agonist treatment

The perception of social exclusion among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) could be affected by long-term opioid use. This study explores the emotional and cardiac autonomic responses to an experience of ostracism in a sample of participants with OUD on opioid agonist treatment (OAT).Twenty patients with OUD and twenty healthy controls (HC) performed a ball-tossing game (Cyberball) with two conditions: Inclusion and Ostracism. We measured self-reported ratings of perceived threat towards one's fundamental needs and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) immediately after the game and 10 min after Ostracism (Reflective stage).Following ostracism, participants with OUD self-reported blunted feelings of threat to the fundamental need to belong. RSA levels were significantly suppressed immediately after ostracism and during the Reflective stage in comparison with HC, indicating an autonomic alteration in response to threatening social situations. Finally, only among HC higher perceived threats towards fundamental needs predicted increases in RSA levels, suggesting an adaptive vagal regulation in response to a perceived threat. Conversely, among patients with OUD the subjective response to ostracism was not associated with the autonomic reaction.OAT may have a protective effect against negative feelings of ostracism. However patients with OUD on OAT present poor autonomic regulation in response to social threats, which could reflect their trait hypersensitivity to social rejection.

A study on Children perceptions of social exclusion and the structural drivers of discrimination in Norwegian elementary schools

This article explores children's understanding of social exclusion within their school contexts through a critical race theoretical lens and how social exclusion and repression occur in a country whose policy is typically linked with equality and diversity. Our research was conducted in two primary schools in a big city in middle Norway, where urban segregation creates significant differences in school composition. This qualitative study research was made up of fifteen focus group interviews with 46 children from the age of 9 to 12 in two cases of two public schools, one urban and one suburban school. In terms of school demography, the Urban school was in the central part of the city, where local Norwegian origin families have been part of the same neighbourhood for years. The suburban school is located in a high-poverty area and highly segregated along racial, ethnic, and cultural aspects. As previous studies stated, there are structural inequalities in Norwegian schools, still there is a gap on the description of its consequences. This study pay attention to the voice of children and describe school discrimination, isolation, and unsupported processes in both schools. This innovative study shows that children in both school contexts need additional recognition. In addition, we add that educational policies need to be revised by including aims for collaboration, coordination and capacitation of children and families in their school communities and outside the structural limits. Further, we add that local schools should be part of global communities.

Excitatory Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Increases Social Anxiety.

Social exclusion refers to the experience of rejection by one or more people during a social event and can induce pain-related sensations. Cyberball, a computer program, is one of the most common tools for analyzing social exclusion. Regions of the brain that underlie social pain include networks linked to the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Specifically, self-directed negative socially induced exclusion is associated with changes in DLPFC activity. Direct manipulation of this area may provide a better understanding of how the DLPFC can influence the perception of social exclusion and determine a causal role of the DLPFC. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied to both the left and right DLPFC to gauge different reactions to the Cyberball experience. It was found that there were elevated exclusion indices following right DLPFC rTMS; participants consistently felt more excluded when the right DLPFC was excited. This may relate to greater feelings of social pain when the right DLPFC is manipulated. These data demonstrate that direct manipulation of the DLPFC results in changes in responses to social exclusion.

On the lowest rung of the ladder: How social exclusion, perceived economic inequality and stigma increase homeless people's resignation.

Despite the relevance of social exclusion and economic inequality for homelessness, empirical studies investigating how these issues relate to homeless people's psychological well-being are scarce. We aimed to fill this gap by conducting two quasi-experimental studies on homeless and non-homeless groups. The first study (N = 200) showed that homeless (vs. non-homeless) people presented higher levels of resignation, characterized by depression, alienation, helplessness, and unworthiness (Williams, 2009). The second study (N = 183) replicated the findings from Study 1 and showed that perceived economic inequality could increase homeless people's resignation by emphasizing perceptions of social exclusion. Additional analyses found that identification with the stigmatized homeless group could mediate the relationship between perceived inequality and social exclusion, increasing the resignation. Overall, the results showed that chronic social exclusion of homeless people is associated with higher levels of resignation. Moreover, they showed the role of perceived economic inequality and homeless group stigmatized identification as group-specific mechanisms favouring social exclusion and ultimately worsening psychological well-being.

СОЦІАЛЬНЕ ВІДТОРГНЕННЯ ПЕНСІОНЕРІВ: ДОВОЄННИЙ СТАН ТА ЗМІНИ ВНАСЛІДОК ВІЙНИ

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of measurement and prevalence of social exclusion among pensioners in the pre-war period and the changes that took place under the influence of the war. The assessment of the level of social exclusion was carried out according to its four key types: economic, political, cultural and actually social. For each type, a corresponding list of indicators and sources of information is defined. The level of prevalence of signs of social exclusion among different types of pensioner households was analyzed. It was established that in the pre-war period, single pensioners suffered the most from various manifestations of economic exclusion. This applies to both food and the purchase of clothes, shoes, non-food items of basic necessity. It is shown that the level of material exclusion of pensioners, determined according to the European methodology, significantly exceeds the indicator for able-bodied persons. Before the full-scale invasion of Russia, every second pensioner suffered from three or more signs of exclusion, defined according to the European methodology, and every third suffered from four or more, that is, from deep material deprivation. Based on the forecast of the Institute of Demography and Social Research named after M.V. Ptukha of the National Academy of Sciences, it has been proven that the vast majority of elderly people will fall into the category of poor and excluded for economic reasons. It is shown that with the beginning of a full-scale invasion of Russia, damage and destruction of residential buildings, the problems of exclusion due to living conditions move to another level. For families whose homes were partially or completely destroyed, the problem is the availability of housing in general, and only then - about equipping it with certain amenities. Retired households have been proven to suffer the most from health care exclusion. With age, the need for medical services objectively increases, and the opportunities for obtaining them narrow. The scale of actual social exclusion due to the impossibility of receiving certain social services, feelings of insecurity and discomfort, problematic social environment, impossibility to maintain constant contacts, to communicate with friends, relatives, and family members was assessed. The level of cultural exclusion in the pre-war period and during the war is analyzed. The changes that will take place in the perception of social exclusion among pensioners living in the territories where there were no active hostilities, in the front-line and front-line territories, in the occupation, are determined.

Mental health help-seeking among Latina/o/x undocumented college students.

Informed by a social-ecological framework, this study nested undocumented students' individual mental health needs within micro-level campus factors and the macro-level immigration policy context to examine how these are associated with undocumented Latina/o/x college students' use of on-campus mental health services. A large-scale survey was administered to 1,277 undocumented college students attending 4-year public universities in California. Only Latina/o/x respondents were included in this study (N = 1,181). Fifty percent of students attended a UC system (n = 589). On average, students were 21.84 years old (SE = .15), and most were women (75.3%, n = 890). Greater level of mental health symptoms and perceived mental health need, and greater use of campus-wide resources and undocumented student services predicted greater likelihood of using on-campus mental health services. Greater perceptions of social exclusion due to the immigration policy context predicted lower use of mental health services. Results indicate that a greater use of resources and an inclusive campus environment, as well as efforts to minimize policy-related feelings of social exclusion, may facilitate undocumented students' professional mental health help-seeking. These findings emphasize the need to take multiple and multi-level ecological factors into account when considering mental health service use, particularly in the case of undocumented immigrants and likely other structurally marginalized groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Representative Bureaucracy and Perceptions of Social Exclusion in Europe: Evidence From 27 Countries

Representative bureaucracy theory predicts that mirroring social groups in the composition of the bureaucracy will lead to inclusive policies and less overall exclusion of diverse individuals. While supporting evidence on policy outcomes is abundant, findings on subjective perceptions are mixed. This study tests three hypotheses linking representative bureaucracy to perceived same-group discrimination in the general population. It introduces a novel multidimensional index of bureaucratic underrepresentation, and uses mixed effects hierarchical models to approximate answers. Exploratory findings suggest an “ awareness” mechanism may explain the counterintuitive relationship between underrepresentation and feelings of exclusion, in which more diverse public sectors develop alongside higher awareness of discrimination.

“I'm definitely not socially excluded!”- Perceptions of social exclusion among Australian government housing residents aged 80 and older who live alone

The oldest old - those aged 80 years and over - are the fastest growing sector of the Australian population and are generally assumed to be at risk of social exclusion which impedes healthy aging. The voices of those thought to be vulnerable to social exclusion are seldom heard. Informed by a critical gerontology framework, socio-ecological model of health and life-course perspectives, this research involved semi-structured in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of 13 people aged 80 and older living alone in government housing, in a socio-economically disadvantaged neighborhood in Melbourne, Australia. Interview transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal a positive picture of survival despite hardship, supportive relationships, a sense of autonomy from living independently, and contributing to society. These findings challenge ageist assumptions, which equate advanced age with social exclusion.

How information on sexism may increase women's perceptions of being excluded, threaten fundamental needs, and lower career motivation

AbstractThe current research investigates the effects of exposure to information about the prevalence of sexism in society on women's perceptions, needs, expectations, and career motivation. We propose that such exposure to sexism prevalence may threaten women's fundamental need to belong, and induces perceptions of social exclusion. Study 1 provided correlational evidence that perceiving society as sexist relates to increased perceptions of being excluded. Three experimental studies demonstrated that exposure to information about sexism in the form of fictional research results (Study 2), or actual newspaper articles (Studies 3 and 4), increased women's experiences of social exclusion. Exposure to such information also lowered women's gender‐related expectations of achieving their preferred position in society, and reduced career motivation. Together, the article provides insight into the experiential and motivational reactions to sexism in society.

Las TIC como generadoras de exclusión social en las prácticas educativas universitarias

Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación que analiza la integración de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en los procesos educativos universitarios y la generación de exclusión social que se realiza a partir de esta incorporación tecnológica a la formación de los profesionales en ingeniería civil. El estudio se contextualiza en una institución de educación superior mexicana y se posiciona desde el paradigma Positivista a través de una escala inédita que se fundamenta en los supuestos de la Teoría Clásica de los Test. Los principales resultados y conclusiones señalan que los estudiantes de la carrera en estudio tienen una percepción alta de que la exclusión social en este contexto está asociada al uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación, así lo evidencia el estudio factorial que establece la unidimensionalidad en la escala y el valor de .768 del alpha de Cronbach, el cual indica la existencia de una correlación alta moderada en la escala utilizada.

Social exclusion of older people in rural areas during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Karelia

The article discusses the issue of social exclusion of elderly people in rural areas during the COVID-19 pandemic. The author relies on the concept that defines social exclusion as a mechanism for separating a certain group of people from an integral community. Using the example of several respondents, the article examines the effects that social exclusion of elderly people creates in rural areas, as well as possible ways of their adaptation that can minimise it. The empirical basis of the work is collected by the author 20 semi-structured interviews with elderly people living in rural areas in the Republic of Karelia and 20 diaries of their observations. When analysing interviews and diaries, a thematic method was used. The main result of the study is the identification of various fears and characteristics of the perception of social exclusion as a condition associated with changes in the habitual everyday life, as well as the lifestyle of respondents due to isolation. The main conclusion highlights the various fears presented in the perceptions of social exclusion by elderly people associated with changes in the usual everyday life due to isolation. The study also identifies the most effective ways for adaptation of elderly people to minimise their social exclusion: expanding communication with neighbours, translating communication into digital format. The data obtained by the author also allow us to draw a conclusion about changes in the sociological consideration of ageing. It becomes not a state of inclusiveness and activity, integration of elderly people into society, as modern concepts and approaches denote it (for example, the concept of active longevity), but a state that is primarily determined by physical weakness. The need for isolation, as well as limitation of activity, is becoming a forced measure that negatively affects older people and the characteristics of their perception of their age and the situation of a pandemic. This work contributes to the latest research into the understanding of ageing in the context of forced social exclusion in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Treat Floating People Fairly: How Compensation Equity and Multilevel Social Exclusion Influence Prosocial Behavior Among China’s Floating Population

The hundreds of millions of floating people in China who leave their hometown for a new city to improve their standard of living constitute an important phenomenon, but as yet the ethical predicaments they face, such as low compensation equity and high social exclusion, have attracted little attention. With a national sample of 125,626 floating people in China, this study investigated how and when compensation equity influences prosocial behavior through the lens of justice theory. This study found that floating people’s compensation equity positively influences prosocial behavior, and this relationship is mediated by subjective well-being (SWB). This study also supported that multilevel social exclusion, including the perception of social exclusion and provincial social exclusion strength, positively moderates the relationship between compensation equity and SWB. Moreover, the perception of social exclusion and provincial social exclusion strength moderate the mediating effect of SWB between compensation equity and prosocial behavior. Theoretical contributions and managerial implications are further discussed.

Perspectives on Health Policy From People With Disabilities

People with disabilities are marginalized and face barriers to participation in society, including political participation and representation. While data indicate that people with disabilities have similar political preferences to the overall U.S. population, little research has been conducted to assess the health policy views of people with disabilities in their own words. This study uses qualitative data collected between 2017 and 2019 via 35 telephone interviews and 484 open-ended responses from a nationally representative survey to analyze what people with disabilities would like policymakers to know about health care and health insurance for people with disabilities. Results reveal that this population’s perceptions of social exclusion and stigma inform what they would like to tell policymakers. In addition, people with disabilities were largely supportive of Affordable Care Act features and framed expanded or universal access to health care as a human right or a moral issue.

Exclusão social vivenciada por pessoas dependentes de drogas e seus familiares: revisão integrativa da literature

Objetivo: investigar a percepção de exclusão social de famí­lias de usuários de drogas descritos na literatura. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada com base no Protocolo Prisma, nas estratégias de busca Pubmed e BVS, a partir da seguinte questão norteadora: "Quais aspectos da exclusão social são vivenciados por usuários de drogas e seus familiares?". Os dados foram organizados pelo software Iramuteq®. Resultados: analisaram-se 14 artigos dos quais emergiram duas classes: Relações permeadas pelo estigma e a desconfiança e Estratégias que contribuem para a redução da discriminação e do estigma. Conclusão: os principais aspectos de exclusão vivenciados por usuários de drogas e seus familiares foram: a dificuldade em ter acesso í educação e í cultura, conviver com o desemprego, violência e preconceito, os quais influenciaram negativamente a qualidade de vida desta população.

Surrendering to social emptiness: Chronic social exclusion longitudinally predicts resignation in asylum seekers.

The current knowledge of the long-term consequences of social exclusion mostly relies on theoretical assumptions. (Williams, 2009, Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 41, 275) hypothesized that chronic ostracism drives individuals into a stage of resignation (depression, alienation, unworthiness, helplessness). We focused on asylum seekers (N=112) as a social group at risk of experiencing prolonged instances of exclusion. Applying a three-wave longitudinal design with a three-month interval between each wave, we sought to advance the knowledge of the temporal development of chronic social exclusion. Cross-lagged panel analyses showed that social exclusion influenced the development of feelings of resignation in the long term, from baseline to six months and between three and six months. In the same time frame, the perception of social exclusion became stable and chronic. These findings provide empirical evidence that chronic exclusion predicts resignation and shed light on the temporal development of the detrimental impact that pervasive exclusion can have on people belonging to marginalized social groups.

A Qualitative Study on The Perception of Social Exclusion in Syrian University Students in Turkey: Usak University Sample

Türkiye, son yıllarda çevresindeki ülkelerde yaşanan çatışma ve savaşların etkisiyle uluslararası göç hareketliliğinde hedef ülkelerden biri haline gelmiştir. Türkiye’nin 2011’den bu yana savaş içerisinde olan Suriye’ye coğrafi yakınlığı ve uluslararası alanda bölgedeki sorunların çözümünde aktif rol oynaması, Türkiye’ye yönelik Suriyeli göçünü beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu gelişmelerle birlikte mültecilik alanı sosyal hizmetin güncel çalışma alanlarından biri haline gelmiştir. Zorunlu göç edenler içerisinde üniversitelerde öğrenim gören Suriyeli öğrenciler de yer almaktadır. Savaş nedeniyle ülkemize göçün artmasıyla üniversitelerdeki mülteci öğrenci sayısını da giderek artmaktadır. Mülteci üniversite öğrencileri ile ilgili literatürdeki bilgiler sınırlıdır ve yapılan çalışmalar yok denecek kadar azdır. Kurumların ve öğrencilerin yaşadığı süreci sosyal hizmet bakış açısıyla analiz etmek alana dair sorunların irdelenmesinde ve çözümler üretilmesinde önemlidir. Suriyeli mülteci üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal dışlanma sorununun çok boyutlu olarak araştırıldığı bu çalışmada 19.04.2018 - 08.06.2018 tarihleri arasında Uşak Üniversitesinde öğrenim gören 224 Suriyeli öğrenciden kartopu örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen 10 kadın ve 10 erkek olmak üzere 20 öğrenciyle yüz yüze derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilere içerik analizi ve tematik analiz uygulanmıştır. Suriyeli öğrencilerin ekonomik, mekânsal, şehir temelli, kültürel, eğitim, sağlık gibi boyutlarda sosyal dışlanma algıladığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca, üniversiteli Suriyelilerin mülteci olmaktan kaynaklanan sorunları yükseköğrenim sürecindeki eğitimsel sorunlarla birleştiğinde çoklu dezavantajlılığa neden olmaktadır.

Not so social: When social media increases perceptions of exclusions and negatively affects attitudes toward content

AbstractSocial media interactions in the form of likes and comments have become a prevalent and expected form of feedback among consumers. However, as these forms of feedback represent social acceptance, content that fails to garner sufficient community reactions may have important implications for consumer behavior, a conjecture supported by an evolutionary psychology account. Three studies demonstrate that consumers use social media cues such as the number of likes that a post receives to shape their attitudes and intentions regarding the subject of that post, and this relationship is mediated by perceptions of social exclusion. Further, the presence of comments can help to attenuate the negative impact of too few likes on perceptions of social exclusion, enhancing consumers’ attitudes and intentions toward the subject of the post.

The impact of classroom climate on students' perception of social exclusion in secondary special education

The present study examines the relation between classroom climate in schools for secondary special education and students' perceived social exclusion. A total of 401 Dutch adolescents (70.3% males) with conduct problems, attending schools for special education, filled out questionnaires on classroom climate, problems in social information processing, externalizing behavior and perceived social exclusion. Results showed that a positive classroom climate was associated with a reduction of students' externalizing behavior problems and perceived social exclusion, which was associated with improvements in social information processing. However, these relations were only found at the within group level of analysis (between students) and not at the between group level (between classes); thus contextual (class level) effects could not be demonstrated. It can be carefully stated that a positive classroom climate in secondary special education may protect against perceived social exclusion. Future research is required to examine whether our findings can be replicated in other schools for secondary special education or can be generalized to secondary education in general.

A transitional approach to the study of the information behavior of domestic migrant workers

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the life stories of migrant workers in Israel by analyzing different aspects of the information behavior that emerged from their narratives through a transitional perspective.Design/methodology/approachNarratives are a human way of communication that focuses on the stories people tell about themselves, their inner thoughts, their states of mind and how they perceive their own reality. In total, 20 Spanish-speaking domestic migrant workers were interviewed. The data collected form the narratives were study draws from the transitional theory.FindingsThe holistic phase of the content analysis revealed that participants experienced information poverty based on socioeconomic factors and perceptions of social exclusion, vulnerability and hostile surroundings. The content analysis yielded a theory of transitional information behavior that reflects the three stages of the migration process: ending of a new reality, a period of confusion and a sense of belonging. The theory encompasses four elements: process, disconnectedness, perceptions and patterns of response.Originality/valueThe study proposes an innovative look at information behavior of migrants by integrating a transitional perspective into the life stories of participants.

U.S. College Students’ Social Network Characteristics and Perceived Social Exclusion: A Comparison Between Drinkers and Nondrinkers Based on Past-Month Alcohol Use

There is a general perception on college campuses that alcohol use is normative. However, nondrinking students account for 40% of the U.S. college population. With much of the literature focusing on intervening among drinkers, there has been less of a focus on understanding the nondrinker college experience. The current study has two aims: to describe the social network differences between nondrinkers and drinkers in a college setting, and to assess perceived social exclusion among nondrinkers. First-year U.S. college students (n = 1,342; 55.3% female; 47.7% non-Hispanic White) were participants in a larger study examining a social network of one college class and network associations with alcohol use. Alcohol use, sociocentric and egocentric network ties were assessed, as were experiences of social exclusion related to nondrinking. Drinking homophily based on past-month use was found; students tended to associate with others with a similar drinking status. Compared with drinkers, nondrinkers received fewer network nominations within the first-year network and made more nominations outside the first-year network. Nondrinkers' perceived social exclusion was positively related to the number of drinkers in their social networks, such that those with more drinkers in their network reported more social exclusion. College students' past-month drinking status in the first semester of college is related to their network position and perception of social exclusion. Nondrinking students who are part of a nondrinking community are less likely to feel socially excluded. Improving our understanding of the nondrinker college experience should improve support services for these students.